Harmonic drives, with their compact structure, low backlash, and high rigidity, have become core components in high-end equipment such as robots and aerospace systems. However, many engineers encounter a common phenomenon: when the reduction ratio increases beyond a certain level (for example, above 100), the growth of output torque gradually slows down or even levels off—clearly contradicting the derived assumption that “torque is proportional to the reduction ratio.”

In industrial robots, harmonic drives are widely used in joint transmission systems due to their high precision, high torque transmission, and smooth operation. These characteristics make harmonic drives an ideal choice for applications requiring precise control and high performance, such as industrial robots, aerospace equipment, and precision instruments. To solve the problem of fatigue failure and short lifespan of the flexspline—a critical component in harmonic drives—HONPINE has designed a cup-type harmonic drive.